(* Title: HOL/Library/While.thy
ID: $Id: While_Combinator.thy,v 1.22 2005/12/08 19:15:50 wenzelm Exp $
Author: Tobias Nipkow
Copyright 2000 TU Muenchen
*)
header {* A general ``while'' combinator *}
theory While_Combinator
imports Main
begin
text {*
We define a while-combinator @{term while} and prove: (a) an
unrestricted unfolding law (even if while diverges!) (I got this
idea from Wolfgang Goerigk), and (b) the invariant rule for reasoning
about @{term while}.
*}
consts while_aux :: "('a => bool) × ('a => 'a) × 'a => 'a"
recdef (permissive) while_aux
"same_fst (λb. True) (λb. same_fst (λc. True) (λc.
{(t, s). b s ∧ c s = t ∧
¬ (∃f. f (0::nat) = s ∧ (∀i. b (f i) ∧ c (f i) = f (i + 1)))}))"
"while_aux (b, c, s) =
(if (∃f. f (0::nat) = s ∧ (∀i. b (f i) ∧ c (f i) = f (i + 1)))
then arbitrary
else if b s then while_aux (b, c, c s)
else s)"
recdef_tc while_aux_tc: while_aux
apply (rule wf_same_fst)
apply (rule wf_same_fst)
apply (simp add: wf_iff_no_infinite_down_chain)
apply blast
done
constdefs
while :: "('a => bool) => ('a => 'a) => 'a => 'a"
"while b c s == while_aux (b, c, s)"
lemma while_aux_unfold:
"while_aux (b, c, s) =
(if ∃f. f (0::nat) = s ∧ (∀i. b (f i) ∧ c (f i) = f (i + 1))
then arbitrary
else if b s then while_aux (b, c, c s)
else s)"
apply (rule while_aux_tc [THEN while_aux.simps [THEN trans]])
apply (rule refl)
done
text {*
The recursion equation for @{term while}: directly executable!
*}
theorem while_unfold [code]:
"while b c s = (if b s then while b c (c s) else s)"
apply (unfold while_def)
apply (rule while_aux_unfold [THEN trans])
apply auto
apply (subst while_aux_unfold)
apply simp
apply clarify
apply (erule_tac x = "λi. f (Suc i)" in allE)
apply blast
done
hide const while_aux
lemma def_while_unfold:
assumes fdef: "f == while test do"
shows "f x = (if test x then f(do x) else x)"
proof -
have "f x = while test do x" using fdef by simp
also have "… = (if test x then while test do (do x) else x)"
by(rule while_unfold)
also have "… = (if test x then f(do x) else x)" by(simp add:fdef[symmetric])
finally show ?thesis .
qed
text {*
The proof rule for @{term while}, where @{term P} is the invariant.
*}
theorem while_rule_lemma:
assumes invariant: "!!s. P s ==> b s ==> P (c s)"
and terminate: "!!s. P s ==> ¬ b s ==> Q s"
and wf: "wf {(t, s). P s ∧ b s ∧ t = c s}"
shows "P s ==> Q (while b c s)"
apply (induct s rule: wf [THEN wf_induct])
apply simp
apply (subst while_unfold)
apply (simp add: invariant terminate)
done
theorem while_rule:
"[| P s;
!!s. [| P s; b s |] ==> P (c s);
!!s. [| P s; ¬ b s |] ==> Q s;
wf r;
!!s. [| P s; b s |] ==> (c s, s) ∈ r |] ==>
Q (while b c s)"
apply (rule while_rule_lemma)
prefer 4 apply assumption
apply blast
apply blast
apply(erule wf_subset)
apply blast
done
text {*
\medskip An application: computation of the @{term lfp} on finite
sets via iteration.
*}
theorem lfp_conv_while:
"[| mono f; finite U; f U = U |] ==>
lfp f = fst (while (λ(A, fA). A ≠ fA) (λ(A, fA). (fA, f fA)) ({}, f {}))"
apply (rule_tac P = "λ(A, B). (A ⊆ U ∧ B = f A ∧ A ⊆ B ∧ B ⊆ lfp f)" and
r = "((Pow U × UNIV) × (Pow U × UNIV)) ∩
inv_image finite_psubset (op - U o fst)" in while_rule)
apply (subst lfp_unfold)
apply assumption
apply (simp add: monoD)
apply (subst lfp_unfold)
apply assumption
apply clarsimp
apply (blast dest: monoD)
apply (fastsimp intro!: lfp_lowerbound)
apply (blast intro: wf_finite_psubset Int_lower2 [THEN [2] wf_subset])
apply (clarsimp simp add: inv_image_def finite_psubset_def order_less_le)
apply (blast intro!: finite_Diff dest: monoD)
done
text {*
An example of using the @{term while} combinator.
*}
text{* Cannot use @{thm[source]set_eq_subset} because it leads to
looping because the antisymmetry simproc turns the subset relationship
back into equality. *}
lemma seteq: "(A = B) = ((!a : A. a:B) & (!b:B. b:A))"
by blast
theorem "P (lfp (λN::int set. {0} ∪ {(n + 2) mod 6 | n. n ∈ N})) =
P {0, 4, 2}"
proof -
have aux: "!!f A B. {f n | n. A n ∨ B n} = {f n | n. A n} ∪ {f n | n. B n}"
apply blast
done
show ?thesis
apply (subst lfp_conv_while [where ?U = "{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}"])
apply (rule monoI)
apply blast
apply simp
apply (simp add: aux set_eq_subset)
txt {* The fixpoint computation is performed purely by rewriting: *}
apply (simp add: while_unfold aux seteq del: subset_empty)
done
qed
end
lemma while_aux_unfold:
while_aux (b, c, s) = (if ∃f. f 0 = s ∧ (∀i. b (f i) ∧ c (f i) = f (i + 1)) then arbitrary else if b s then while_aux (b, c, c s) else s)
theorem while_unfold:
while b c s = (if b s then while b c (c s) else s)
lemma def_while_unfold:
f == while test do ==> f x = (if test x then f (do x) else x)
theorem while_rule_lemma:
[| !!s. [| P s; b s |] ==> P (c s); !!s. [| P s; ¬ b s |] ==> Q s; wf {(t, s). P s ∧ b s ∧ t = c s}; P s |] ==> Q (while b c s)
theorem while_rule:
[| P s; !!s. [| P s; b s |] ==> P (c s); !!s. [| P s; ¬ b s |] ==> Q s; wf r; !!s. [| P s; b s |] ==> (c s, s) ∈ r |] ==> Q (while b c s)
theorem lfp_conv_while:
[| mono f; finite U; f U = U |] ==> lfp f = fst (while (λ(A, fA). A ≠ fA) (λ(A, fA). (fA, f fA)) ({}, f {}))
lemma seteq:
(A = B) = ((∀a∈A. a ∈ B) ∧ (∀b∈B. b ∈ A))
theorem
P (lfp (λN. {0} ∪ {(n + 2) mod 6 |n. n ∈ N})) = P {0, 4, 2}